The Characteristics Of Bluetooth Technology Computer Science Essay

The Characteristics Of Bluetooth Technology Computer Science Essay It is a short range correspondence innovation to associate with gadgets utilizing short-extend radio frequency(RF) which is proposed to supplant correspondence that utilizations cabling. It is utilized predominantly to build up remote individual zone systems (WPAN),commonly alluded to as AD-HOC or shared (P2P) systems. This innovation now a days are coordinated into numerous kinds of business and buyers gadgets, for example, cell phones, PDA, workstations, headsets, vehicles, printers. This innovation is comprehensively acknowledged and any gadgets which are bluetooth empowered can speak with other bluetooth empowered gadget situated in vicinity to each other wherever on the planet. Bluetooth is a minimal effort, low force innovation which gives little remote systems. The gadgets with this innovation interface each other through short range,ad hoc systems known as piconets. Each time a bluetooth empowered gadget enter or leave radio nearness the piconets gets set up consequently and progressively. Additionally every gadget in the piconets offers a synchronous association up to seven different gadgets and that piconet can likewise have a place with a few different piconets permitting a boundless association. This innovation likewise can at the same time handle information and voice transmission which gives clients an assortment of employments, for example, printing ,synchronization with PC and PCs, tolerating voice calls through sans hands headsets and so on. A portion of the upsides of this innovation incorporates: Substitutes for link: this innovation replaces the utilization of various kinds of cabling required to set up an association between at least 2 unique or comparable gadgets e.g mouse, headsets, console, printers and so forth. Remote synchronization: It consequently synchronize with bluetooth empowered gadgets, for example, workstations through remote association. e.g synchronization of address book contained in laptops,cellular telephones and so on. Web availability: any bluetooth empowered gadget having web network can share the web access with other bluetooth empowered gadget. One goes about as a modem. e.g a PC can utilize a web by means of a bluetooth empowered wireless by building up a dialup association through the phone. Bluetooth Technology Characteristics: Bluetooth works in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) recurrence band. Numerous innovation, for example, IEEE 802.11 b/g WLAN standard work in this band. It utilizes recurrence trusting spread range (FHSS) for each transmission, additionally FHSS assists with limiting the impedance and transmission blunders just as gives a constrained degree of transmission security. This is finished by the innovation which identifies the gadgets under the range and stays away from the recurrence utilized by the other bluetooth empowered gadget. Additionally the correspondence between the gadgets utilizes 79 distinctive radio channels by trusting frequencies at 1 MHz stretch giving a high level of obstruction invulnerability and permitting better transmission inside the range. This trusting gives more noteworthy execution in any event, when different innovations are being utilized at the same time with bluetooth innovation. Range: the working extent relies on the gadget class which incorporate the accompanying: Class 3 radios : bolsters up to 1m or 3ft. Class 2 radios : found in cell phones ranges from 10m or 33 ft. Class 1 radios: utilized in mechanical area having a tremendous scope of 100m or 300 ft. Bluetooth low vitality innovation has a scope of up to 200m or 600ft. Force Consumption: class 2 gadget utilizes 2.5 mW of intensity. The nonexclusive interchange macintosh/phy in variant 3.0 HS empowers the disclosure of remote AMPs for fast gadget and turns on the radio just when required for information move giving a force streamlining advantage just as helping in the security of the radios. Bluetooth low vitality innovation, optimizd for gadgets requiring most extreme battery life rather than a high information move rate, devours among Ââ ½ and 1/100 the intensity of great bluetooth innovation. Information rate bluetooth low vitality innovation gives a speed of 1 Mbps of information transmission. For rendition 1.2 and 2.0 EDR the information rate incorporates 1Mbps and 3 Mbps respectivley. For rendition 3.0 HS up to 24 Mbps is bolstered. Security Aspects: bluetooth innovation and related gadgets are defenseless to general remote systems administration dangers, for example, DOS assaults, listening in, man-in-the-center assaults, message alteration, and asset misappropriation. For the most part the security are ordered into three classifications: non-secure: in this sort any bluetooth gadget don't start any safety efforts. Administration level implemented security: in this security mode two bluetooth gadget set up a nonsecure Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) interface. Connection level implemented security: in this mode validation, approval and discretionary enryption are started when a solicitation of L2CAP(logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol )association arranged or connectionless channel is made. This security mode is set up before the association is made between the gadgets. Vulnerabilities: Bluejacking: this is a danger which includes a sending of spontaneous messages or business card to bluetooth empowered gadgets. For this danger to work the sending and getting gadget must be inside the scope of 8-10m from one another. This is a strategy generally utilized for limited time purposes aim as opposed to with any noxious goal. This technique can be very irritating because of dull messages. Likewise this technique leaves an entryway open for assortment of social building assaults. So as to forestall this kind of assault the gadget must be set into non-discoverable mode in unbound zones. Bluesnarfing: this hacking strategy is done in bluetooth empowered mobile phones and what this assault does is it duplicates the whole contact book, calender or anything that is put away in the PDAs memory. This danger can be limited by setting the gadget in non-discoverable mode in an un-made sure about zone. How-ever numerous product are accessible in web which can take data from blue-tooth empowered gadgets. the secondary passage assault: this assault starts of in the wake of being regarding bluetooth gadget; through blending system and if the proprietor doesn't watch their gadget after association than they are probably not going to see anything after the gadget are combined; permitting assailant to utilize any assets that a believed relationship with that gadget awards access to. This implies the aggressor can recover information as well as use highlights, for example, GPRS WAT, web, modems and so forth without the proprietor being advised. The cabir worm: it is a vindictive programming that utilizes the bluetooth innovation to search for accessible bluetooth gadgets and send itself to them. This worm right now just impacts cell phone which utilizes symbian arrangement 60 UI stage. Be that as it may, this danger can be stayed away from by the client since the client itself needs to physically acknowledge the worm and introduce all together for this assault to be in actuality. GPRS it is a non-voice esteem included assistance which permits Mobile Phones to be utilized for sending and getting information over and web protocol(IP) based system. It represents General Packet Radio Services. It is a parcel based radio help which is conveyed as a system overlay for GSM, CDMA and TDMA systems which empowers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¥always on㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢  associations. This disposes of the redundant and tedious dial up association. It additionally holds radio assets just when there is a sure information to be sent guaranteeing the most extreme usage of radio assets. This administration empowers clients to utilize numerous media application through versatile web. Alongside it gives client the web from anyplace and whenever. GPRS handles information in a progression of parcels which can be directed more than a few ways through the GSM organize. The information is divided and put away as parcels before being transmitted and reassembled at the less than desirable end. GPRS clients get the advantage of quick association arrangement and ceaseless association with the web in the wake of being signed in to an APN (Access Point Name) until the client log off and the client just need to pay the information which is really transmitted. Since this is a remote innovation so and start to finish association isn't required on the grounds that organize assets and transmission capacity are possibly utilized when information is really moved. This permits proficient utilization of accessible radio transmission capacity. This diminishes the expense contrasted with circuit exchanged administrations since correspondence channels gets shared and are on an as-bundles may be required premise. GPRS information speeds ranges from 14.4 kbit/s (utilizing one radio time allotment) to 115kbit/s (by amalgamating schedule openings). The normal information move speed is at around 56 kbit/s. The improvement in the information rate permits clients to participate in video gathering and communicate with different sites and comparable application utilizing versatile handheld gadgets just as from scratch pad PCs. GPRS depends on GSM correspondence and will supplement existing administrations like SMS. It additionally supplement blue-tooth. Favorable circumstances of GPRS: Administrators offer better than ever information administrations to private and business markets. Inspire the incomes from information administrations. Chance to expand the quantity of system clients. Gives an overhaul way and benchmark for UMTS End Users: rapid web financially savvy since charge is completed just when information is transmitted and not for the term of association steady availability synchronous utilization of voice and information correspondence Utilizations of GPRS include: Visit web perusing web email record move record sharing Security: Security danger depend the kind of traffic and information administration for explicit danger. The Gp interface is the sensible association between PLMNs that is utilized to help meandering information clients. The accompanying traffic falls under Gp : GTP : this gives a coherent association between the SGSN and GGSN of meandering accomplices. BGP :

Environmentalism Essay -- essays research papers

Evironmentalism: The Next Step Broad Social Change Through Personal Commitment Introduction Over the most recent thirty years, America has seen an ecological transformation. New laws like the 1963 Clean Air Act and the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act produced new ground in political environmentalism. Social wonders like Earth Day, composed by Dennis Hayes in 1970, and the start of enormous scope reusing, set apart by Oregon's 1972 Bottle Bill, have help change the manner in which Americans consider nature. As we approach the third thousand years, nonetheless, we should rethink our place on the planet and consider our endeavors and progress towards a practical society. As a dangerous atmospheric devation turns into a logical reality, cataclysmic events show up in the features, and networks keep on finding their ground-water sullied by mechanical and atomic waste, we should ask ourselves: would we say we are doing what's needed? The natural development in the past has to a great extent be en a social and political wonder. While a considerable lot of us reuse (yet still just 35 percent of us) and take dead batteries to our town's Hazardous Waste Day, most Americans have not made the condition an individual issue. Not many of us have taken the sort of close to home extraordinary advances that are important to make an earth manageable society. It is basically credulous to accept that America's current paces of utilization, squander creation, and ecological sullying are economical. The sort of social change required can possibly happen when we as people grasp the exertion in our regular day to day existences. At exactly that point will corporate America and the administration understand that they too should change to keep up their client base and open help. This sort of close to home responsibility to change would likewise make another social ethic dependent on the earth under which individuals and organizations who couldn't care less for the earth would be considered so cially and monetarily mindful. In six sections, this article will reconsider our place in the natural development and examine precisely what transforms we can make in our own lives to achieve positive change. These territories are transportation, vitality, reusing and squander the board, poisons and contamination, food, and water. A portion of the progressions examined will require penance. Yet, progressively significant, these progressions will frequently rearrange our lives, bring our families and networks nearer ... ...incing letter to your chief (in case you're not the chief) may persuade the person in question that the measure of cash spared in paper will in the long run pay for the printer. At the point when you go to the supermarket, bring your own sacks as opposed to utilizing paper or plastic. Buyers frequently wonder which of the two is better; the appropriate response is: not one or the other. When looking for littler things, advise the assistant not to give you a sack (every now and again their default activity) on the off chance that you can basically convey the thing in your grasp. Purchase solid, quality things that will last and loan themselves to fix when broken. At the point when things do break, recollect that fixing is quite often less expensive than supplanting, and you'll have the fulfillment of limiting your trash yield. At the point when you no longer need something, part with it as opposed to discarding it. Associations like The Salvation Army will happily acknowledge pract ically any pre-owned family unit thing. Recollect that Benjamin Franklin's proverb, "A penny spared is a penny earned," goes for the earth, as well. Each time we reuse something, we've spared another like it from being made. Each time we reuse something, we've spared vitality, contamination, and the materials from being mined from our characteristic assets.

How to Socialize While Paying Off Debt

How to Socialize While Paying Off Debt How to Socialize While Paying Off Debt How to Socialize While Paying Off DebtGet over your FOMO and forget keeping up with the Joneses. Socializing while paying off debt means setting boundaries and a budget.We live in a consumer-driven society, and many of the ways we are used to socializing have to do with going out and spending money. We go on dates at restaurants, we meet with our friends at trendy bars and spend money on drinks. We buy concert tickets and movie tickets and even shell out cash for parking spots just to be there.Socializing is expensive, especially if you have children to bring to some of these events, which is why it often feels incompatible with financial goals like saving money or paying down debt. But it doesn’t have to be. Here’s the guide for your finances and your social life to live in harmony.Decide how much you’ll spend on extracurriculars.Just because you’re paying down debt doesn’t mean you can’t spend any dollars towards fun. You just have to decide how much you’re willing to spend towards socializing instead of towards debt for every paycheckâ€"and stick to it!Your plan may depend on the type of debt you haveâ€"loans with a short due date like cash advances may need to be paid off faster.If you like going to the bar for drinks, for example, you can designate a certain amount towards your tab. This may involve getting one drink every time you go out instead of three, but it’ll be worth it to stick to your budget.Common budgeting advice is “every dollar has a purpose” and that applies especially well here. Make the decision about where your dollars will go and it will be easier to stick to your financial goals.Don’t forget to budget for birthday and holiday presentsâ€"that’s one that tends to throw people off at the last minute.Be honest with your friends and family.Sometimes we spend more money on socializing than we meant to because of pressure from our family and friends. When we turn down expensive activities, or decide not to purchase more than a little bit at a bar or restaurant, we’re told, “Let loose! Have fun!” or “You deserve to treat yourself!”People in our lives might even be offended by restrained financial behavior, especially if they’re used to that person going all out on a night in the town. They may believe that person doesn’t want to spend time with them, or isn’t having fun.That pressure can get to budgeters and cause them to no longer stick to their budget. That’s why it’s important to be honest and communicate with people in our lives when we’re working towards financial goals.When you’ve decided to put most of your money towards paying down debt, go ahead and let your closest friends and family know. Tell them you might be more selective about how often you go out in the future.Your most trusted friends might also want to know what kind of debt you have (did you find yourself in the claws of an urgent payday loan or a title loan? Did you stick with more of an online loan?) Yo u can also mention might be planning some low-cost hangs soon (more on that later).Hopefully, the people in your life will be receptive and support you in reaching your goals. The best kinds of friends will respect new boundaries.Sometimes people may find your new goals difficult to understand and continue to pressure you to spend more money than you want to. In these cases, it’s important to set firm boundaries and get used to saying no. If someone continues to be rude about your new budget, it might be worth considering if you still want to spend as much time with that person and use your precious socializing money on people who support you.Research has shown that the financial habits of those who surround you can influence your budgeting and spending habits. It might be time to start spending more time with your financially wiser friend groups and spending a little less with enablers of bad habits.Get over your FOMO (Fear Of Missing Out).Because of social media, a lot of us hav e developed FOMO, or the Fear Of Missing Out. It’s so easy to see one thousand amazing-sounding events on Facebook, or to see your friends out in the world, that it becomes a state of being to be afraid of missing the good times that everyone else is having.Combating the FOMO takes some serious introspection. What kinds of experiences do you value the most? What do you fear you’re missing out on, truly, when you don’t go to a certain event? Do you really need to spend money with your friends to stay connected with them? Are there ways you can get the things you value out of socializing with less money?Prioritize what activities (and people) are most important to you and put aside any feeling that you might need to “have it all” when it comes to your social life. If you restrain what you spend money on to only your priorities, then you might even find that you appreciate what you love even more. This will make it even easier to spend money only where it counts in the future .Plan low-cost, creative ways to spend quality time with others.Once you’ve figured out who you care about spending time with, and what you want to get out of that time spent together, it’s possible to then plan budget-friendly ways of spending time together.For example, if you realize that you like going to the bar with your friends for the conversation, consider inviting them to your home to drink instead, which cuts down on cost. If you realized that you like going to see new things in the world, try to find creative, low-cost ways of doing that such as finding local hiking trails and state parks or going on a short road trip. If you love movies, borrow DVDs from the library instead of going to the theater. Or maybe even look into film club memberships. Here are some ideas for finding low-cost local activities outside of the house:Research state and national parks near you, as they have relatively cheap admission, especially for families with childrenLook into free city activ ities. Often, cities have free events for residents such as movies in the park or free concerts. This is especially true around holidays or the summer season. Check the city calendar.Find out if local museums have free admission days.Ask about the resources at your local library. Sometimes libraries have not only books and movies to check out for free, but they might have free classes and activities for both adults and kids. Some may even have free passes to local attractions, like the zoo or aquarium, that can be checked out.Find your local senior center for free or cheap activities and classes.Check the Facebook “events” section to see if local establishments are hosting events with free or low-cost admission.Research on Groupon for great deals on local activities and establishments.Find a volunteer opportunity for a cause that your friends and/or family would care about. Invite them to spend some time volunteering with you.Public swimming pools often have low admission rates, and memberships are even cheaper; look into the cost of getting a membership for you and your family.Socializing while paying down debt requires a shift in thinking, but it’s not impossible. It might even be rewarding to put some effort into more mindful spending habits around socializing.Budgeting is partially an evaluation of what you truly value, and that’s especially true when it comes to deciding on how to spend money in your free time. To learn more about budgeting, check out  these other posts and articles from OppLoans:Building Your Financial Life: Budgeting for BeginnersHow to Avoid Unbudgeted SpendingHow to Budget and Save Money When You’re Making Minimum WageWhat is the Envelope Budget, and How Can it Help You Save Money?Do you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |Instagram

Dominance And Development Of Conflict Management Styles

Dominating Style in Conflict Resolution Graham Jackson LSAL-3133-301 Introduction Thesis Statement I believe that there is a link between childhood experiences and the development of conflict management styles, arguing that the exposures to family conflict resolution plays a great role in determining the development of the dominating conflict resolution style. Conflict is an inevitable part of human interaction. However, the way people deal with conflict is largely linked with the outcome of the conflict resolution. Many studies have been conducted to analyze the different styles of conflict management and resolution as Tou, Baker, Hadden and Lin (2015) write. â€Å"Consequently, the increasing amount of research conducted on the†¦show more content†¦By far, the integrative approach is the best style of conflict management as it envisages a high level of concern for both the conflict manager and the conflicting parties. The compromising style of conflict management is characterized by the moderate concern for both the conflicting parties and the conflict resolver. In other instances, the conflict manager exhibits low concern for self while having high concern for others. For this reason the conflict management style is often referred to as obliging. Even more, there are instances when the conflict manager chooses to adopt the avo iding style of conflict. In this style, there is low concern for both self and others. Missing in the above overview of the conflict management styles is the dominating style, which is discussed in this study. Hopeck, Desrayaud, Harrison and Hatten (2014) defined conflict resolution as a process that should be geared towards having a solution that suits all the parties involved in the conflict. The author outlined how solution-oriented conflict resolution style provides more positive outcomes in comparison to the other styles of conflict management The dominating style of conflict management is one that Cai and Fink (2002) linked to frustration. In the authors’ explanation, it is natural for people to default to the dominating conflictShow MoreRelatedThe Culture Of Bangladesh And Canada1497 Words   |  6 PagesThis report presents a literature review on business etiquette, cultural dimensions, leadership styles, communication channels, decision-making process and managing t eams and value system followed in the two different nations where different cultures are followed (Kittler, et. al., 2011). This assignment discusses the different business culture present in Bangladesh and Canada. This assignment covers the similarities and differences which exist between two different cultures followed in BangladeshRead MoreChattanooga Ice Cream Case Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Moore was successful in leading teams he seemed to have major issues with this team of vice presidents. According to the Harvard Business Review Chattanooga Ice Cream Case the team was very dysfunctional; they exhibited a lack of trust, high in conflict, disrespectful of each other and exhibited avoidance issues with accountability. Team members seemed to always lay blame to other member. Moore needs to be more assertive in dismissing the ways of the past and the loss of Stay amp; Shop businessRead MoreInfluence of the Samurai on Modern Japanese Society Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesSystem in early Japan. In 646 AD, Emperor Tenji enacted the Taika Reform. This reform allowed the aristocracy to adopt Chinese-Style political structures, bureaucracy, and culture (Farris). 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These factors include, creating a culture that respects and values team members, fix or remove poor policies, ensure team members feel safe in their positions, remove intrusive management/leaders, and continue toRead MoreHow Do Political, Economic and Social Realities of a Society Shape Its Perceptions and Ability to Make War?1105 Words   |  5 Pagespolitical and social changes that revolutionized warfare in seventeenth-century France. Generally, revolutions in military affairs (RMA) convey technological and organizational developments and advancements in military tactics. According to Rogers, â€Å"military revolutions comprise four elements: technological change, systems development, operational motivation, and organizational adaptation.† Technology alone does not in itself create a revolution in military affairs. 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Principles of SCM are: - Internal integration of purchasing and supply, manufacturing and physical distribution management - ExternalRead MoreEssay about INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT674 Words   |  3 Pagesinstitutions, and industry sector. When we consider the culture, the HRM model must be suitable for the common values, norms of behavior, customs, influence of pressure groups ,assumptions that shape managers’ perceptions, insights and mindsets, management style, meaning of work and values, personal dispositions, attitudes and manners, approaches to cultural diversity, match to the organization culture. Regarding institutions, the HRM model must cope with following institutions; National labor lawsRead MoreThe Leadership Styles And Behavioral Analysis1532 Words   |  7 PagesRepublican answer or the Democratic answer but the right answer. Let us not seek to fix the blame for the past—let us accept our own responsibility for the future† -John F. Kennedy, 35th US President. 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Effective Human Resource Management ( Hrm ) - 2195 Words

The ever-evolving institutional context comes in hand with complexities which may leave organisations which are unprepared and ill-equipped in positions which allows competitors to supersede due to a lack of competitive capacity. It is therefore of crucial relevancy that Loose Change Pty. Ltd., when entering the market be aware and take advantage of proactive and informed decisions based on the factors in the institutional context, which is the aim of this paper; the thorough disaggregation and delineation of the competitive advantages of effective Human Resources Management, how and why human capital can be organised with employment relation strategies and the importance of the Fair Work Act as to why it should be carefully complied with. With this, Loose Change management will be able to infer the best courses of action in the establishment of the firm and its workforce. Effective Human Resource Management (HRM) is becoming an increasingly indispensable facet for organisational competitiveness and success (Guest et. al., 1994). Due to the employment relationship being a continuous and open-ended contract, employees can improve or restrict actual work effort, dependent on the multitude of dynamic factors which influence their happiness, motivation and attitude towards the organisation, thus defining HRM’s role as they’re required to place emphasis on optimizing an interdependent relationship between employees and employers. If HRM can effectively perform their role, thisShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1562 Words   |  7 PagesHuman resource management (HRM) is an important strategic and systematic approach that provides each company with the opportunity to create policies and practices, as well as to establish administrative forms (Pfeffer, 2007). 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Weather and its Effects Free Essays

At the very least, we want to know how hot or cold it will get, or whether there will be rain or snow. Some of us live in places where severe weather can produce dangerous conditions flooding, tornados, blizzards or fogs, so we pay attention to weather related warnings. And these days, weather reports are getting more sophisticated, with pollen counts and particulates for allergy sufferers, and UP indices to tell you whether you need sunscreen. We will write a custom essay sample on Weather and its Effects or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since weather affects us so constantly, I put together this page to help understand he science of weather. I am not much interested In weather forecasting, which Is a very technical subject. This information is much more basic, about why weather â€Å"happens†, what’s going on in the atmosphere, what weather-related terms we see on TV really mean, how to read weather maps. It’s mostly practical Information, from a not very technical perspective. Weather and Climate Before we begin, let’s differentiate between weather and climate. Weather is the state of your local atmosphere at any given time, in terms of such measurements as temperature. Wind speed, alarm pressure. Reciprocation, etc. Weather Is very specific – it’s about a particular place at a particular time. It varies on a relatively small scale – for example, it could be raining in your area, while it’s dry 10 miles away. It could be 72 degrees near your home, but only 65 degrees a few miles away. You could have a thunderstorm at 6 p. M. And have the sky clear by midnight. So w hen we’re talking about weather. We are talking about a relatively small area and a very specific time. Moving to a different area, or going forward in time quickly changes the weather. On the other hand, climate is about long term averages. It concerns the same things as weather measurements like temperature, pressure, rainfall, precipitation but these measurements are averaged over a long period. If you say â€Å"the average high temperature for Boston in April is 56 degrees†, then you are talking about climate. In order to report that average temperature, someone must have measured the high temperature each day in April, and then averaged those highs. Further, it’s not enough to do that for one year, because any given year could be hotter or colder than average. So they must have measured high temperatures ACH day in April for several years, in order to calculate a multi-year average. In fact, in many places, such temperature records go back a century or more. These 100+ year records are used to calculate averages for temperatures, rainfall, weather patterns, etc. , and these long terms averages constitute the climate. It’s Important to remember that weather can be very variable, but climate Is not. You could hit a high of 80 degrees on April 4th in Chicago one year, but in another year, the high on the same date might barely reach the freezing point at 32 degrees. There than a year-to-year variability. It doesn’t even mean that the whole month of April was hotter, or the whole year was hotter. In order to make any long term comparisons, in order to show any trends, you absolutely need multi-year climate data. The Earth’s Atmosphere Since weather is the condition of the atmosphere above a certain location, at a certain t ime of day or night, let’s consider the atmosphere in more detail for a bit. The Earth’s atmosphere extends from ground surface to the edge of interplanetary space. Most of this atmosphere is contained in a narrow band, about 7-10 kilometers high, which is known as the troposphere. About 80% of the mass of the atmosphere is contained within this thin band. Although 7-10 kilometers (23,000 – 32,000 feet) may not seem like a â€Å"thin† band, but it really is, if you consider how far the Earth’s atmosphere extends. Technically, the Earth’s atmosphere reaches half way to the moon (about 180,000 km) you have to go about that far before the density of atoms in the atmosphere equals the density of atoms typical of interplanetary space. Much of it is even visible to the naked eye. Astronauts in space can see the Corcoran, which looks like a hazy band surrounding the Earth, extending to about 100,000 km above the Earth. Of course, the upper atmosphere hundreds of miles above the Earth is unbreakable and almost empty. In fact, anything over 100 km is considered space, and if you go there, you are technically considered an astronaut by the World Air Sports Federation (this was the definition of space used for the X-Prize). The International Space Station (SIS) orbits at about 350 km. Low earth orbit, used by a huge number of satellites, extends to about 2000 km at most. These regions are commonly referred to as â€Å"space† by most people, but they are still part of the Earth’s atmosphere. There is enough air up there that satellites slow down over time due to air friction, their orbits decay, and they ultimately fall back to the Earth. The SIS needs to be boosted every few months to a higher orbit, or it would also fall back to Earth. The Hubble telescope orbits at 595 km, and although it is more stable than the SIS, its orbit will also decay and fall back to Earth eventually. You have to go as far as geostationary or geosynchronous orbits (about 35,000 km) before the friction of the atmosphere (communications satellites are often in such orbits) becomes a smaller concern than gravitational perturbations. But this is still within the atmosphere. For the discussion of weather, however, we do not usually need to consider such high altitudes. 80% of the Earth’s atmosphere is contained within the troposphere, a zone which extends from the surface of the Earth to about 10 km (it varies with latitude about 7 km over the poles, and about 17 km over the equator). 9% of the atmosphere is contained within the troposphere and the next zone outward – the stratosphere. The stratosphere extends from the boundary of the troposphere (known as the troposphere) to about 50 – 55 km from the surface of the Earth. Since the stratosphere), this is where weather happens. Outside this region, the air is not dense enough to display phenomena which are energeti c enough to affect the weather. If the Earth’s atmosphere were in complete equilibrium, we would have no â€Å"weather†. Conditions would be unchanging – there would be no day or night, no seasons, no rainfall, nothing. The source of changes in weather is changes in some other condition, some other variable. That variable is largely the Sun, although other factors also play a role. The spin of the Earth about its axis produces day and night, which means that energy input from the Sun on any given area of the Earth’s surface varies cyclically reaching a peak during the day, and falling at night. This day-night cycle is a major source of weather, but it is modified and added to by many other cycles and factors as well. Some of these other factors vary by time of day or year, while others vary by location on the Earth’s surface. In either case, variations are what fuel changes in the atmosphere, which we call weather. What factors cause the energy input of some local area on the Earth to change? Here are some: Latitude How far you are from the equator determines the angle of incidence of the Sun’s rays at your location. This is extremely important in determining how much energy you receive from the Sun. The diagram at the right explains how this happens. Note that the diagram is not to scale, it shows the Sun as much smaller than the Earth, but that makes no difference to the explanation. The Sun is roughly spherical. It radiates energy in all directions. A very small portion of this energy is intercepted by the Earth. If we assume that the Sun radiates energy equally in all directions, we can imagine its surface (which radiates the energy) as Ewing divided into patches, measured by degrees of solid angle (usually expressed in stranding). Since the Earth is very far away from the Sun, and very small, it intercepts direct light from a very small patch of Sun. Notice the qualifier â€Å"direct†, as in â€Å"direct light†. This is important because the situation described is a simplification. In reality, the surface of the Sun emits light in all directions; therefore the Earth receives light from all parts of the Sun that are facing the Earth at a given time, not Just a single patch which is closest to the Earth. However, the density or intensity of this light is greatest when it is direct, that is, when a ray of light perpendicular to the Sun’s surface intersects the Earth. So the relationship still holds – the more the direct sunlight falls upon some area of the Earth, the greater is the energy that area receives. He equator get progressively colder, because they get less direct sunlight. This creates bands or zones on the Earth’s surface, with the hottest zones at the equator and the coldest zones at the poles. A temperature gradient is thus created, with high temperatures near the equator and cold temperatures at the poles. This temperature gradient drives the movement of air, which we perceive as winds. This variation is constant in time, meaning it does not change by time of the year. Latitude 50 North will always receive less installation than latitude 5 North, no matter what season of the year. It is simply a variation by location, that is, dependent upon the latitude location on Earth. Latitude is very important in setting up the permanent winds on Earth. We can divide the Earth (from North to South) into several well-marked zones. The band near the equator (about 5 ON to 5 so) is called the doldrums. It’s the hottest part of the Earth, since the equator receives the most direct sunlight every year. On both sides of the equator are the tropics. These stretch roughly from the doldrums to the Tropic of Cancer (23. 5 ON) in the northern hemisphere, and to the Tropic of Capricorn (23. so) in the southern hemisphere. The tropics have a â€Å"tropical† climate – hot in the summers, mild in the winters. Beyond the tropics are the sub-tropical zones, which stretch from the Tropic of Cancer (23. 5 ON) to the Arctic Circle (66. 6 ON) in the northern hemisphere, and from the Tropic of Capricorn (23. 5 so) to the Antarctic Circle (66. 6 so) in the southern hemisph ere. The subtropics usually have mild summers and cold winters. Beyond the subtropics lie the polar zones, from the Arctic Circle (66. 6 ON) to the North Pole (90 ON) in the northern hemisphere, and from the Antarctic Circle (66. so) to the South Pole (90 so) in the southern hemisphere. These are the coldest regions on Earth. Although there are many variations between different locations within the same zone (due to other differences, such as altitude, nearness to the sea, etc. Which are described below), the zones do broadly reflect the kind of climates found within. As mentioned earlier, they set up the patterns of the permanent winds – the trade winds, westerly’s, polar winds. These permanent winds have a very strong effect on climate, and you can read about them in more detail on this page. Season The Earth’s axis is not perpendicular to the plane of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun; it is in fact tilted. The angle of tilt varies over time, but at present it is approximately 23. 5 degrees. Because the Earth revolves around the Sun, during the course of a full orbit around the Sun, each of Earth’s hemispheres is at times tilted towards the Sun summer) and at other times tilted away from the Sun (Winter). The periods of maximum tilt are the solstices. In the year 2010, Summer solstice is on towards the Sun, which corresponds to summer and the longest day of the year in the northern hemisphere. Winter solstice in 2010 will be on Deck 21st at 1 1 PM (GMT), which corresponds to winter and the shortest day of the year for the northern hemisphere. As can be seen in the accompanying diagram, a similar effect to the latitude differential described above happens during summer and winter. During summers, since the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun, it receives more direct unlighted, leading to higher temperatures. During winters, since the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, it receives less direct sunlight, leading to colder temperatures. The effect is reversed in the southern hemisphere. Summer solstice in the northern hemisphere corresponds to winter solstice in the southern hemisphere, and vice versa. This seasonal effect can dramatically change weather patterns, and not Just in terms of temperatures. The change in temperature patterns across the globe shifts the high and low pressure areas of the atmosphere, which can lead to seasonal changes in winds. Indirectly, they can also affect precipitation, if for example, a winter wind which blows from land to land switches to a summer wind, which blows from sea to land. Wind blowing from the sea contains more moisture, which can lead to rain or snow. It’s important to remember that while we think of seasons as a yearly phenomena, these changes are gradual and are happening constantly. Between the extremes of summer and winter solstice, each day the pattern changes gradually, the day becomes shorter or longer, depending upon whether the area is approaching summer or winter. While such small daily changes may seem miniscule when noninsured in terms of degrees of inclination or tilt, over the large surface of the Earth they correspond to significant shifts in the temperature zones. It’s easy to calculate the magnitude of these daily changes. Since the Earth’s axis is inclined at 23. Degrees, on summer solstice, latitude 23. 5 North (the Tropic of Cancer) is directly underneath the Sun (meaning, the Sun is directly overhead at noon on summer solstice day, if you happen to be at latitude 23. 5 North on that day). Similarly, on winter solstice day, latitude 23. 5 South (the Tropic of Capricorn) is directly undernea th the Sun. So in the 6 months between the summer and winter solstices, the Sun changes its apparent position by 23. 5 + 23. 5 = 47 degrees in the sky. If we assume the Earth’s radius to be 6400 km, then 47 degrees of latitude correspond to 47/360 = 5350 km of the Earth’s surface. This means that the Earth’s sun-directly-overhead-at-noon point migrates 5350 km north and south every 6 months. This is approximately 5350/180 = 29 km per day, or about 18 miles. As you can see, while it didn’t seem much when we were simply looking at angles, if you warm front moving 18 miles in a day would definitely be noticed by us. So these hinges are important not Just on a seasonal basis, but also in affecting our day-to- day weather. Altitude The higher you go, the thinner the air gets. Dense air has a greater capacity to absorb and retain heat than thin air, so this is one reason why the temperature is colder at higher altitudes. However, this is insignificant compared to another effect, which is the cooling of air as it expands. According to the ideal gas law, the temperature of air is inversely proportional to its temperature, all else being the same. This is because as air expands under low pressure, it does work in expanding, and loses energy as ark done. Since the thermal conductivity of air is very low, it doesn’t gain much heat from its surroundings, so the cooling is mostly diabetic, and well approximated by the gas law. The presence of water vapor upsets this relationship a bit, but not by a whole lot. This is the main reason why it’s much colder at higher altitudes than it is at sea level. Therefore places which are near sea level and have thick, dense air are hotter than places at the same latitude which are at higher elevations. This is why the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro is covered with ice, even though it’s located almost directly on the equator (about 3 so). There is a separate section here which talks about altitude-dependent atmospheric pressure changes in more detail. These changes are very important in determining the local climate of an area. Land and Oceans Land and oceans are heated differentially by the Sun. Land has a smaller thermal capacity than water. This has several interesting effects. First, it means that the same amount of solar heat will raise the temperature of land much more than it will raise the temperature of water. Therefore, during a given day land at the same latitude as water will become much hotter than the water. Since they are at the same latitude, they have received roughly the same amount of solar energy, and absorbed roughly the same amount of energy (actually, the water absorbs a bit more). But because of the difference in thermal capacities, land becomes much hotter than water with the same amount of energy. In terms of local winds, this might mean that the wind direction is from the land towards the water during the day (since air moves from higher temperature and low pressures towards colder temperatures and high pressures). Secondly, the greater heating or cooling of land leads to greater temperature preferential. The rate of heat gain or loss of an object depends upon the temperature differential between that object and its environment. For example, if you heat a pot of water to boiling (100 co), and then remove it from the stove and let it 10 co. If room temperature is 20 co, then the water will drop from 100 co to 90 co very quickly, but it will go from 30 co to 20 co much more slowly. This is because the temperature differential between the water and room temperature is much higher when the water is at 100 co than when it is at 30 co. Since land heats up more during he day, the temperature differential is higher, therefore land cools very rapidly as well. Water cools much more slowly, because the temperature differential is lower. We can think of it this way: land has rapid heating/cooling cycles with each day/night cycle. A large body of water, on the other hand, has much slower cycles. In fact, the water cannot lose all the heat it acquired during a summer day overnight, so it starts the next day slightly warmer than it was the previous morning. So as summer progresses, large bodies of water get progressively warmer, and they maintain this eat through the night hours, when the land cools down. For this reason, oceans don’t have diurnal peaks and troughs in their temperature like the land; instead, they have seasonal peaks and troughs in their temperature. These things produce very significant effects on weather patterns. The general direction of the effect is towards the moderation of temperatures. Since the water heats more slowly but retains heat longer than land (and cools more slowly but retains coldness longer than land), the presence of oceans tends to moderate the climate of nearby land masses. At the same latitude, an area will be much hotter in he summer and colder in the winter if it’s far away from the sea. Nearness to the sea will moderate temperatures, making it both less hot in the summer and less cold in the winter. Even smaller bodies of water such as lakes can have a moderating effect on temperatures. Check the weather map of the Midwest US, and on many days you’ll see that the temperature at the lake front in Chicago is higher or lower than out in the suburbs (by a few degrees), simply because Lake Michigan cools the lake shore during the summers, and warms it during the winters. Smaller bodies of water can also produce local diurnal winds, such as a breeze from lake to shore in the mornings, and a breeze from shore to lake in the evenings. Again, this has to do with the differential heating of land as compared to water during the day. Topography The physical relief of land areas has much to do with weather. There can be many reasons for this. One is simply altitude – mountainous areas will be cooler than areas at the same latitude which are nearer to sea level. But in addition, variation of the terrain can influence wind patterns and therefore the weather. One example is mountains as a barrier to wind flow. If a mountain range interrupts revealing winds, air is forced upwards to pass over the mountains. As it moves upward, it cools down. Since the water carrying capacity of air diminishes as it cools, this results in precipitation on the windward side of the mountains. Conversely, once Therefore, the leeward side of the mountains will be in â€Å"shadow† and receive much less rainfall than if there had been no mountains along the way. This effect can be seen almost anywhere in the world where there are mountains that interrupt some seasonal wind flow. It is very dramatic in the Himalayas in India, where the monsoon winds from the south meet the Himalayas. On the windward side, in the foothills of the Terra, there is very heavy rainfall. Chirruping in the Indian state of Megalith has historically been the wettest place on Earth (450 inches of rain on average per year), as the monsoon winds from the Bay of Bengal hit the Kiosk hills and are forced to rise and shed water. Conversely, the Tibetan plateau, on the leeward side of the Himalayas is very dry, with less than 18 inches of rain/ snow per year. There are other effects of topography as well. Flat land which is uninterrupted by hills or mountains allows wind to build up over long stretches. This is why the Midwest and plains states in the US are generally quite windy. Land which is more uneven breaks up lower level winds, so wind speeds are slower and winds are not as sustained. If a large area of flat lands then borders a hill or mountain range, these high winds can get channeled into valleys between the hills, and reach even higher velocities. You can see this effect on a much smaller scale even with man-made structures. Streets form canyons between skyscrapers in downtown areas of major cities, and wind is channeled through these â€Å"canyons†, reaching much higher speeds Han out in the suburbs. If you’ve walked through downtown Chicago or downtown Manhattan, you may have experienced this yourself. Low lying troughs, on the other hand, may have days when the air stagnates and does not move, since it is blocked by higher elevations surrounding the trough. Ocean Currents Water, like air, is a fluid medium, which can move from one place to another under temperature differentials. Just as there are winds in the atmosphere, there are water currents in the oceans, which carry warm water or cold water from one place to another, sometimes for thousands of miles. One well-known example of such a current is the Gulf Stream, which carries warm water from the Caribbean to near the shores of northern Europe. The Gulf Stream is largely responsible for the migration of populations into Europe after the last ice age. Without the Gulf Stream, Europe would probably be a sparsely populated wasteland. Consider London, which in terms of latitude is slightly farther north than Calgary in Canada. The average January low temperature of Calgary is 8 OF, but the average January low temperature of London is 41 OF. This is a huge difference, and the Gulf Stream is responsible. While latitudes comparable to England and northern Europe are almost tundra-like across Canada or Asia, they are quite warm and habitable in cultures traditionally depend upon hunting, since agriculture is insufficient to provide the necessary calories. But in Europe, there is extensive farming, which can support much larger population densities. The Gulf Stream has made it possible; it is a critical part of Rupee’s habitability. Ocean currents are one of the most important contributors to climate, but the topic is fairly complex. I have written a brief explanation here, which you should really read before going ahead. How to cite Weather and its Effects, Papers

Swot Analysis of Women free essay sample

Emerging Role of Women in Indian Society- Journey from Kitchen to Cosmos†¦. Introduction Women’s roles in India have been changing and women are now emerging from the past traditions into a new era of freedom and rights. The basic objective of this presentation is to examine the changing role of women in Indian society. There is a need to critically evaluate the reservation of women in India and also make a SWOT analysis of the position of women in India at present. â€Å"Representation† of all citizens, however it may be defined is crucial for effective democratic governance.However in india , the representation in Lok Sabha is varying between 4 % to 8 % after the independence that is very much less as compared with worldwide democratic countries. enhancing the participation of women within democracies is seen as central to improving governance (World Bank, 2002). George Bush, for instance, said in a speech in March 2006 that democracies reach their potential when women are allowed to participate fully (Washington Post, March 6, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Analysis of Women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page SWOT can be done as mentioned below:- StrengthReservation for women in jobs will create the equal opportunity of development of society Reservation for women in politics shall provide them to build and execute policies related to women empowerment and improvement. 33% Reservation in Panchayat election/ State assemble and in Lok Sabha is to ensure that women would have a voice in local government and, ultimately, help facilitate the formation of a more gender equal society. Effective, educated women would choose to run for elections, and would serve to represent the interests and preferences of women.With women empowerment there will be remarkable reduction in gender Disparity and ideally it should not be if we are thinking to become developed country. Reservation for women will be the fast step to prevail the rule of equality. Women in the area are skilled in cattle-rearing It is easy to make money from livestock Weakness The quality of cows was not ensured As the cows were old and diseased, no income was obtained Vetnary doctors services were not obtained at the right time Opportunity Effective, educated women would choose to run for elections, and would serve to represent the interests and preferences of women.Those women, because they are newcomers to the political process, would be more enthusiastic and less corrupt and therefore more effective than entrenched male politicians. They would therefore generally improve the quality of governance As women acquire more experience via the reservations system, and as the system continuous to mature, women will become more effective leaders. The ideal way to increase women’s representation for political parties would be to have quota for women both reservation and quota system.Reservations have had the undisputed effect of increasing the presence of w omen and members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in politics. The women’s reservation bill will bring about real political empowerment of women. Increase in income Make milk and milk products Enhanced nutrition of family members Make biogas Threat Those women who stand for elections in reserved constituencies would be tokens of powerful interests in the village. Poorly educated, elderly women from impoverished, easily manipulated, families would be picked by elites to run.OR The women would instead be poorly educated but picked from the same wealthy, powerful families as the existing political elite and would, therefore, serve the interest of the elite. Women reservation in politics itself discriminatory, in that it offers voters only a choice of candidates selected against pre-defined criteria rather than merit? The threat still lies in politics with electing only â€Å"proxy women† to the Parliament? The motive will be diluted if women reservation is not able to handle to avoid electing only â€Å"proxy women† to the Parliament.Increase of work within family The responsibility of looking after cow was not shared Women did not have the freedom to use the income Reduction of women’s mobility Lack of access to market Concluding Discussion Reservations have had the undisputed effect of increasing the presence of women and members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in politics. While reservations are a definite step towards improving women’s position in India however they are not the most effective means of achieving this, a system of parity would be an improvement.

Anthem textual evidence Essays - Anthem, Ayn Rand, Free Essays

Anthem textual evidence Essays - Anthem, Ayn Rand, Free Essays One way that equality 7-2521 is demonstrating the quote I think therefore, I am by Rene Descartes is that he thinks and acts differently than the other people in his society is by the way he feels and thinks about Liberty 5-3000 or Golden One. In chapter 2 page 42 it states, We had broken so many laws, and today broken one more. Today, we spoke to the Golden One. This statement shows that no matter what anyone else does or thinks he was willing to break laws just to talk to the Golden One. This proves that he is different from the other people in the society. Our society in the 21st century is somewhat similar to the society of the future in Ayn Rands novel Anthem. We have some of the same principals and morals that they have. A couple of examples are cliques or groups that we have everywhere. Such as in school, at work, at home and around our lives. In Anthem there are groups of jobs such as doctor, street sweeper, and teacher. We have jobs and we refer ourselves by our rank in that job. In Anthem their society they are taught to think as many and not as an individual. We teach young children to share and to be good to the group and that the good of the group comes before the good of one. For example, we tell kids to help an old lady cross the street. That isnt looking out for yourself. However, this may not necessarily be a bad thing though it is in a certain context such as in Anthems society. Our society is not at all perfect, but perfection cannot become so without conformity.

How to Write Effective Letters to Congress

How to Write Effective Letters to Congress People who think members of the U.S. Congress pay little or no attention to constituent mail are just plain wrong. Concise, well thought out personal letters are one of the most effective ways Americans have of influencing the lawmakers they elect.   Members of Congress get hundreds of letters and emails every day, so you will want your letter stand out. Whether you choose to use the U.S. Postal Service or email, here are some tips that will help you write a letter to Congress that has an impact. Think Locally Its usually best to send letters to the representative from your local congressional district or the senators from your state. Your vote helps elect them- or not- and that fact alone carries a lot of weight. It also helps personalize your letter. Sending the same cookie-cutter message to every member of Congress may grab attention but rarely much consideration. Its also a good idea to think about the effectiveness of all of your communication options. For instance, a face-to-face meeting at an event, town hall, or the representatives local office can often leave the biggest impression. That is not always an option though. Your next best bet for expressing your opinion is a formal letter, then a phone call to their office. While email is convenient and quick, it may not have the same influence as the other, more traditional, routes. Finding Your Legislators Address There are a few ways that you can find the addresses of all of your representatives in Congress. The U.S. Senate is easy because each state has two Senators. Senate.gov has an easy to navigate directory of all current Senators. You will find links to their website, their email and phone number, as well as the address to their office in Washington D.C. The House of Representatives is a little trickier because you need to search for the person representing your particular district within the state. The easiest way to do so is to type in your zip code under Find Your Representative at House.gov. This will narrow down your options but you may need to refine it based on your physical address because zip codes and Congressional districts do not coincide. In both houses of Congress, the representatives official website will also have all the contact information you need. This includes the locations of their local offices. Keep Your Letter Simple Your letter will be more effective if you address a single topic or issue rather than a variety of issues you may feel passionate about. Typed, one-page letters are best. Many Political Action Committees (PACs)  recommend a three-paragraph letter structured like this: Say why you are writing and who you are. List your credentials and state that you are a constituent. It also doesnt hurt to mention if you voted for or donated to them. If you want a response, you must include your name and address, even when using email.Provide more detail. Be factual and not emotional. Provide specific rather than general information about how the topic affects you and others. If a certain bill is involved, cite the correct title or number whenever possible.Close by requesting the action you want to be taken. It might be a vote for or against a bill, a change in general policy, or some other action, but be specific. The best letters are courteous, to the point, and include specific supporting examples. Identifying Legislation Members of Congress have a lot of items on their agendas, so its best to be as specific as possible regarding your issue. When writing about a particular bill or piece of legislation, include the official number so they know exactly what youre referring to (it also helps your credibility). If you need help in finding the number of a bill, use the  Thomas Legislative Information System. Cite these  legislation  identifiers: House Bills:  H.R._____House Resolutions:  H.RES._____House Joint Resolutions:  H.J.RES._____Senate Bills:  S._____Senate Resolutions:  S.RES._____Senate Joint Resolutions:  S.J.RES._____ Addressing Members of Congress There is also a formal way to address members of Congress. Use these headers to begin your letter, filling in the appropriate name and addresses for your Congressperson. Also, its best to include the header in an email message. To Your Senator: The Honorable (full name)(room #) (name) Senate Office BuildingUnited States SenateWashington, DC 20510Dear Senator (last name): To Your Representative: The Honorable (full name)(room #) (name) House Office BuildingUnited States House of RepresentativesWashington, DC 20515Dear Representative (last name): Contact the U.S. Supreme Court The Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court do not have email addresses, but they do read letters from citizens. You can mail letters using the address found on the SupremeCourt.gov website. Key Things to Remember Here are some key things you should always and never do when writing to your elected representatives. Be courteous and respectful without gushing.Clearly and simply state the purpose of your letter. If its about a certain bill, identify it correctly.  Say who you are. Anonymous letters go nowhere. Even in email, include your correct name, address, phone number and email address. If you dont include at least your name and address, you will not get a response.State any professional credentials or personal experience you may have, especially those pertaining to the subject of your letter.Keep your letter short- one page is best.Use specific examples or evidence to support your position.State what it is you want to be done or recommend a course of action.Thank the member for taking the time to read your letter. What Not to Do Just because they represent the voters does not mean that members of Congress are subject to abuse or belittlement. As impassioned as you may be about an issue, your letter will be more effective if its written from a calm, logical perspective. If youre angry about something, write your letter then edit the next day to ensure youre conveying a courteous, professional tone. Also, make sure to avoid these pitfalls. Do not use vulgarity, profanity, or threats. The first two are just plain rude and the third one can get you a visit from the Secret Service. Simply stated, dont let your passion get in the way of making your point. Do not fail to include your name and address, even in email letters. Many representatives prioritize comments from their constituents and a letter in the mail may be the only way you receive a response. Do not demand a response. You may not get one no matter what and a demand is simply another rude gesture that does little for your case. Do not use boilerplate text. Many grassroots organizations will send out a prepared text to people interested in their issue, but try not to simply copy and paste this into your letter. Use it as a guide to help you make the point and write the letter in your own words with your personal perspective. Getting thousands of letters that say the exact same thing can diminish the impact.

International and comparative criminal justice Essay

International and comparative criminal justice - Essay Example This is the way things should be. It is unacceptable for the police to contaminate evidence or obtain it through duress. However, its actual exclusion should rest at the discretion of a judge. This is the correct law and is followed in many common law jurisdictions, while it is less prevalent in civil law jurisdictions. In the course of this essay the rationale for this rule will be examined as will a number of cases and statutes relating to it. It is first important to discuss context. Crime has been an unfortunate aspect of human existence from the beginning of time. Each civilization and country has had to determine a method for dealing with it within their own moral vision. Different approaches to dealing with crime come from different values systems. Everyone is different and believes in different things. For people that believe a criminal is a product of his environment and is not personally responsible for committing of crime, it is likely that resources will be used on rehabi litation and treatment. Imprisonment will play a less important role. But for those who believe individuals are responsible for the things that they do and that if they intend to commit crimes they should be punished, the emphasis is likely to be on punishing or detaining the criminal. These different values play a role in determining how evidence is excluded. These two ways of dealing with crime can be broken up into two models. One will be likely to exclude contaminated evidence in order to preserve the human rights of the criminal, the second model would be much less likely to exclude evidence1. The first is the famous due process model present in most developed countries. The main idea of this model is that an individual should not be deprived of their human rights, even if it is clear that he or she has committed a terrible crime. To put someone in prison is to take away the criminal’s right to liberty. That is a very serious thing. The process must be scrutinized to ens ure that everything is done by the book. At its heart the due process model is the idea that the system would rather see ten guilty people go free than one innocent person in prison. The result of this model is many hours of painstaking work checking evidence and a long time-line of the court case moving slowly through the system. Because, historically, the legal system railroaded individuals by planting false evidence and by abusing human rights, we must be very careful when examining evidence. Permitting contaminated evidence into the legal system would encourage law enforcement officers to commit illicit acts. The due process model would strongly argue to exclude evidence obtained in the course of an abuse of human rights. The second way of looking at criminal justice regarding evidence is the crime control model. This model puts a high value on locking up guilty people. Its aim is to protect society and it tries to do this by detaining as many people as it can as quickly as it c an. Typically, in this model more money is spent on policing and deterring and prosecuting criminals as quickly as possible so that the police and prosecutors can start again quickly on the next group of criminals. If it happens that an innocent person is

Ethical issues - New centry financial corporation Case Study

Ethical issues - New centry financial corporation - Case Study Example These decisions prompted the stakeholders of the company to quit thus leading to its bankruptcy. It is notable that the ethical issues associated with New Century Financial Corporation were damaging to various groups of people in the subprime mortgage industry. The groups included mortgagors, investment banks, and mortgage brokers, rating agencies, lenders and investors (Palepu, Srinivasan & Sesia, 2009). The low quality of loans that the company offered affected the Mortgagors (borrowers). Investment banks realized massive losses from the money they had invested by offering New Century Financial Corporation mortgages. Mortgage brokers also made losses by conducting business with the corporation. Lenders and investors, likewise, realized massive losses due to New Century Financial Corporations misuse of their funds. By 2005, the subprime market was already experiencing advancement both in technology and loan quality. However, New Century Financial Corporations management failed to adapt to these changes. Instead, the companys performance continued to deteriorate due to a poor management. Most of the decisions New Century Financial undertook based on efficiency. The company ensured that the distribution of its securities to investors was favorable. It also terminated loan applications for efficiency due to the withdrawal of its lenders. The companys decisions and operations were associated with various ethical issues. First, it was unethical for New Century Financial Corporation to lack proper documentation of its operations. Proper documentation would enable the company to keep perfect records. Secondly, the corporation had an ethical issue in the valuation of the loans it was selling. For instance, the management was unable to account for purchase of its mortgage loan reserves. Next, the loan quality offered by New Century Financial Corporation was an ethical issue. The company

The Metamorphosis of Johnny Tremain :: Tremain

The Metamorphosis of Johnny Tremain Johnny Tremain is like a butterfly; he went through a transformation. Johnny Tremain is a book by Esther Forbes about a crippled boy during the American Revolution and the events he endures. Johnny Tremain was a very dynamic character because people and events affected him. People change main characters in many books. Johnny Tremain is no exception. In Johnny's case it was the Lyte and the Lapham families. Both the Lapham family and the Lyte family probably did not mean to change Johnny, but they did. Johnny was orphaned after his mother died but was able to stay in the Lapham's house and to be an apprentice to Mr. Lapham, an elderly silver smith who educated Johnny in this art. He was always Mr. Lapham's favorite because Johnny was the finest apprentice out of the three that were there until Dove, one of the apprentices, passed Johnny a cracked crucible. Johnny's thumb then got grown into his palm when he healed. After the injury, Mr. Lapham and the whole family found Johnny useless and queer (because of his thumb). " `Don't touch me! Don't touch me with that dreadful hand!' Issanah squealed." After then Johnny grasped the fact that he went from the top to the bottom in a matter of days. It taught him that nothing is forever. Furthermore, M rs. Lapham a widowed mother of four, was probably the cruelest Lapham of all, after he got crippled. She told him that he was only good for picking rags. She also virtually shooed Johnny out of the house. This made Johnny go find a better life outside of the Lapham's shop. It also taught him to be independent. There is usually more than one family that changes a dynamic character like Johnny. The Lyte family also helped Johnny in his transformation. The Lyte's are Johnny's rich relatives that claim they are not related to Johnny. Johnny has a silver cup to prove his relation, but the Lytes still deny any relation to Johnny and claim that he stole the cup from them. When Johnny was first looking for a job, he thought he could go to the Lytes and ask for some money.

Week Five Assignment

This type of entity will provide the control of a sole proprietorship while placing liability on the business rather than the individual. Fireworks have the potential to be dangerous, causing serious damage to both people ND property. The potential for liability associated with the use and/or manufacture of fireworks is unavoidable. â€Å"Any one of the following defects may expose the man effectuate to liability for injuries that are caused by their product: design defect, manufacturing defect and defect in marketing,† (McLaughlin, & Laurite, 2014).Liabilities associated with these defects include intentional torts, negligence and strict liability. The first step to avoiding an attack on personal assets is relocating operations to an area zoned for the manufacture of fireworks. No matter what the entity, the manufacture of explosives in a residential area will enable a liability protection to be pierced. An intentional tort will occur when the manufacturer sells a product tha t he knows is defective or dangerous of which injuries are certain to occur. In such cases, ACME has a duty to warn the consumer of potential harm.If ACME fails to provide warnings or recalls on its products, it can be held liable for battery to anyone injured by its products. According to a 1903 product liability case, a company is liable for failing to notify the buyer that the product is potentially dangerous, is effective, or negligence in the manufacture or sale of a dangerous product. See House v. J. I. Case Threshing Mach. Co. , 120 F. 865 (8th Cirri. 1903). Should a mishap occur during the manufacture, sale or storage; a sole proprietor will be liable for any and all property damage incurred to both himself and/or his neighbors.With a sole proprietorship there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business thus, he is at risk of losing personal assets in a lawsuit against the business. Should injury, death, or damage to property occur from intentionally manufactu ring or selling a ungenerous product, both the manufacturer and suppliers can be sued for unintentional injuries. This risk extends beyond the manufacture and supply of the fireworks; it also includes care in design and use. For instance, should a consumer purchase defective ACME Fireworks from a retailer and sustain injury to him and others, ACME can be sued.See Boeing Airplane Co. V. Brown, 291 F. Ad 310 (9th Cirri. 1961). â€Å"Strict liability in tort arises when someone suffers an injury not from anyone's willful negligent act, but rather by engaging in some intrinsically dangerous activity or, under certain resistances, through the manufacturing of unsafe products,† (Rogers, S. 2012). Courts today, rationalize strict liability by establishing the fact that manufacturers are better positioned to prevent risk of loss than, that Of the consumer. As such, it is the responsibility of the manufacturer to ensure their products are safe.In order to be strictly liable for a prod uct, the plaintiff must demonstrate that there is a defect, the defect was caused by the manufacturer and in turn, was the cause of injury. See Kerr v. Corning Glass, 169 N. W.. Ad 587 (Min. 1969). In order to determine Contract Viability, it s important to review the agreements between ACME and the retailers. Examine each contract carefully ensuring it contains five essential elements. The legitimacy of the agreements is dependent upon it containing an offer, acceptance, consideration legality and capacity.To further explain, an offer is an invitation to enter into a contract. If a company agrees to the terms outlined in the offer, they have then accepted the agreement. Once an agreement has been recognized, it must be established that both parties have intentions to enter into a legal binding contract. The considerations of his agreement are legal exchanges for services or products. For ACME Fireworks, this will include the prices paid for the fireworks and the amounts desired. In order to be legally binding, the cost of doing business must not be illegal and, the ability to perform must not be impossible.Finally, it must be determined that both parties have entered into the contract freely without coercion or duress. Additionally, the law prohibits contracts made with persons of diminished mental capacity and minors. The contract probability concerns itself with the performance specifications and acquirement of the agreement. Though the agreement appears to be viable, if it lacks a specific performance strategy, it will not have a future. The probability Of the agreement to remain in force will be dependent upon the period of performance and quantities desired during that period.Fireworks are seasonal whereby; a retailer agreeing to order large quantities on a regular basis is not realistic. There is no guarantee the quantities will remain consistent throughout the contract period. Additionally, ACME is concerned about failing to meet its contractual obliga tions should it not hire enough people. The basic questions that need to be addressed are: how and when to order, amounts to order and what happens if ACME fails to deliver? The owner is concerned that there will not be enough work for the additional employees once the initial orders have been filled.The terms and conditions of the contract will determine the type of employees ACME will hire. At-will employment provides no obligation of continuous employment once the orders have been filled. For this reason, the law allows an employer to terminate without just cause or reason. Generally, this rule is applied for seasonal work. ACME Fireworks has several options to consider in meeting contract demands, performance and productivity. By hiring temporary full-time associates, ACME can readily meet demands however; there is no incentive to maintain a standard of quality or productivity.Same is true for part-time associates as their hours are usually dictated by the needs or demands Of a business. Consideration for casual and day labor employees might prove useful. Casual employees typically work on an as needed basis and usually consist of single parents, college students or applicants seeking extra money. Temp Agencies provide labor on a daily, weekly or monthly basis. Typically, temp agency employees that excel are offered permanent positions within an organization. Hiring regular employees on a probationary basis will allow ACME the ability to meet the quality, performance and productivity of the contract.Generally a just-cause type of employment this employee is evaluated at the end of a specified period based upon certain criteria. If an employee fails to meet standards then they are usually let go. With the increase in business size and operation certain liabilities can raise concern. It is important to understand the differences associated with the different entities when choosing what best fits your organization. Whether choosing a Sole Proprietorship, a Pa rtnership, a Corporation or a Limited Liability Company, it is important to assess all the risks associated with the nature of the business.Currently, ACME Fireworks operates out of a garage and the owner enjoys complete autonomy over operations. Operating as a Sole Proprietorship, the business and the owner remain one and the same. This provides the highest risk of loss to personal assets. The disadvantage is that a sole proprietor has limited options for raising capital and no limits on liability for business debts; thus if the business does not fare well, the sole proprietor can face personal bankruptcy,† (Rogers, S. 2012).As a partnership, ACME Fireworks will share ownership with two or more people. â€Å"Partners are automatically owners and managers of the business, and the law presumes equal rights unless the partners have specified otherwise,† (Rogers, S. 2012). In a partnership, taxes are assessed on the earnings of the partners and not that of the business. Sh ould the company become party too lawsuit or is unable to fulfill its contractual obligations, the personal assets of all the partners can be used to satisfy a judgment by the court. Partners are not only liable for their own actions, but also for the business debts and decisions made by other partners. In addition, the personal assets of all partners can be used to satisfy the partnership's debt,† (SABA. Gob, 2014). Should ACME Fireworks consider a Corporation, it will become an independent legal entity. The owner(s) will then become shareholders which will limit their liability and legal responsibility. In order to remain free of any personal liability, the company must operate according to state corporation laws. If the corporate form of business organization is used to defraud creditors, stockholders will lose the protection of limited liability and will be held personally liable for all debts of the corporation,† (Rogers, S. 2012). Since a corporation requires the f iling of complicated forms, annual reports and fees, it can prove costly for a small company. Additionally, a corporation is double taxed whereby; the company pays taxes on its earnings and the shareholders pays taxes on dividends paid UT. A Limited Liability Company (LLC) provides the limited liability features of a Corporation but operates like a partnership or sole proprietorship.A LLC â€Å"typically features easier formation (although filing under the statute is required) and lower filing fees, flow-through taxation where members of a LLC are taxed on their earnings, but the business itself is not taxed, the stability of a corporation (a member's leaving will not dissolve the LLC), and limited liability, where the business is liable for its debts and the people who own it are not,† (Rogers, S. 2012). Since ACME Fireworks is a small business with a single owner, a LLC will provide a low cost alternative that provides limited protection of personal assets.Unlike like a cor poration, the taxes, profits and losses are passed through to each member of the LLC. Members are protected from personal liability for the actions and decisions Of the LLC. However, in the case of wrongful or illegal acts, the limited liability can be pierced and personal assets can be assessed. Additionally, it is important to separate business funds from personal funds. Should ACME use a personal ann. account to pay its creditors, they can in turn pierce the limited liability and seize the owners' personal funds. The Federal Government does not recognize a LLC as a separate entity as in a corporation.As such, the owner(s) of ACME Fireworks will file their shared earnings on their personal income tax. If the LLC is a single owner operation, income will be reported on a Schedule C just like that of a sole proprietorship. Should there be more than one member sharing in the profits and losses, a form 1 065 will be filed as is done in a Partnership. The entire net income of the LLC mu st be accounted or in the filings of all members involved. The owner of ACME Fireworks has asked for advices in choosing an entity that would provide the least risk to personal assets, should he fail to meet his contractual obligations.It is important for ACME Fireworks to understand the risks associated with the nature of the business. In assessing the current operation, ACME Fireworks operates out of a garage and currently employs approximately 15 people. The liabilities associated with the manufacture of dangerous materials poses a high risk to personal assets should a mishap occur. Before engaging rather, ACME must consider relocating to meet both local and state zoning laws. Additionally, Federal OSHA standards must be in place in order to release the owner of allegations associated with safety, wrong doing, or negligence.The law provides certain protections associated with All's and Corporations. As a sole-proprietor, ACME Fireworks and the owner are one in the same. Should th e company fail in its obligations or fail to warn and/or injure a consumer, the owner is held personally liable. If ACME is to pursue a partnership, the partners share in the personal liabilities of the company. For he production of what is considered dangerous materials (fireworks), the risks associated with injuries from product liability to manufacture are substantial.The company IS liable for intentional torts, negligence and strict liability as such; neither a sole-proprietorship nor partnership is suggested. As a manager of ACME Fireworks, would recommend the company pursue a Limited Liability Corporation. According to the Small Business Administration, â€Å"Members are protected from personal liability for business decisions or actions of the LLC,† (SABA. Gob, 2014). Essentially, if the LLC becomes party to a suit or is unable to fulfill its obligations, members enjoy the same protections as that of shareholders in a corporation.However, as a limited liability company , they are not exempt from litigation involving wrongful acts by its members or employees. In a LLC, the owner will retain control over the company as in a sole-proprietorship and lessens the risk of personal liability. The owner is also concerned with ACME's ability to meet either contractual obligations or make payroll. The LLC would provide the protections it needs without relinquishing control to a Board of Directors, as in a corporation. Without knowing the specific terms and conditions of the agreements, it is difficult to ascertain viability and validity.

The Costs Of Healthcare For The Homeless Population

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